Lutheran Churches

Lutheran churches follow the theology of Martin Luther, who sparked the Protestant Reformation in 1517. Lutheranism emphasizes salvation by grace through faith, the authority of Scripture, and the real presence of Christ in communion.

Founded: 1517 German Reformation led by Martin Luther; established as a distinct tradition by the mid-1500s

Governance: Varies by synod (episcopal or congregational elements) — Structure varies: the ELCA uses a bishop-led model, while the LCMS gives more authority to local congregations. Both have regional and national organizational bodies.

• Salvation by grace alone through faith alone (sola gratia, sola fide)
• Scripture alone as the authority for faith (sola scriptura)
• Law and Gospel distinction in preaching
• Real presence of Christ "in, with, and under" the bread and wine
• Two kingdoms doctrine (church and state have distinct roles)

Historically liturgical with hymns, responsive readings, and a structured order of service. Many Lutheran churches use a hymnal. Contemporary services are increasingly common, especially in the ELCA.