Orthodox Churches

Eastern Orthodox churches represent one of the oldest continuous Christian traditions, tracing their origins to the apostles and the early church. Orthodoxy emphasizes mystical worship, sacred tradition, the church fathers, and iconic imagery.

Founded: Traces its origins to the apostles and the early church; formally distinct from Roman Catholicism after the Great Schism of 1054

Governance: Episcopal (patriarchal) — Led by patriarchs and bishops in a conciliar structure. No single leader equivalent to the Pope; the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople holds a position of honor. Each national church (Greek, Russian, Antiochian, etc.) is self-governing.

• Holy Tradition and Scripture together as sources of authority
• Seven Ecumenical Councils as definitive doctrinal statements
• Theosis (divinization)—the goal of Christian life is union with God
• Veneration of icons as windows to heaven
• Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist (Holy Mystery)

Ancient, highly liturgical worship featuring chanting, incense, icons, and standing (pews are often minimal). The Divine Liturgy follows forms dating to the 4th century. Services engage all five senses.